基于大田试验的铅镉复合污染土壤中甜糯玉米低积累特性

为筛选适合在铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）复合污染土壤种植的低积累特性甜糯玉米品种,选取39个玉米品种,通过大田试验,研究其籽粒和秸秆对Pb和Cd的富集特性和差异.将玉米产量、富集系数和基于土壤Pb和Cd风险阈值的方法作为筛选低积累玉米品种的评价指标.结果表明,不同品种玉米的产量、籽粒和秸秆的Pb和Cd含量之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）.籽粒对Pb和Cd的富集系数分别为0.00003~0.00230和0.01~0.15,秸秆对Pb和Cd的富集系数分别为0.003~0.065和0.64~4.28.通过对不同玉米富集系数的聚类分析,综合不同品种玉米的土壤Pb和Cd风险阈值得出,惠甜5号、新美甜818和玉糯9号可在Pb和Cd含量超风险管制值的耕地安全生产,天贵糯937和金萬糯2000可在Cd含量超风险筛选值的耕地安全生产.惠甜5号、新美甜818和玉糯9号作为Pb和Cd复合低积累品种,适宜在广西铅镉复合污染土壤上推广种植,天贵糯937和金萬糯2000作为籽粒低积累、秸秆Cd高积累品种,建议将其作为植物修复资源加以利用.     

Evaluation Of Ambient Air Pollution Impact On Carrot Plants At A Sub Urban Site Using Open Top Chambers

The present experiment was done to evaluate the impact of ambient air pollution on carrot (Dacus carotavar. Pusa Kesar) plants using open top chambers (OTCs) ventilated with ambient (NFCs) or charcoal filtered air (FCs) at a suburban site of Varanasi, India. Various morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of the plants were studied at different growth stages. Air monitoring data clearly showed high concentrations of SO₂, NO₂and O₃in the ambient air of study site. SO₂and NO₂concentrations were higher during early growth stages of carrot, whereas O₃concentration was highest during later growth stages. Filtration of air has caused significant reductions in all the three pollutant concentrations in FCs as compared to NFCs.Plants growing in FCs showed significantly higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency and variable fluorescence as compared to plants growing in NFCs. Protein content also showed a similar pattern, however, lipid peroxidation, ascorbic acid content and peroxidase activity were higher in plants growing in NFCs as compared to FCs. Shoot length, number of leaves per plant, leaf area and root and shoot weight increased significantly upon filtration of ambient air. Total nitrogen decreased significantly in root, but increased significantly in shoot of plants grown in NFCs. Total P, Mg, Ca and K contents decreased significantly in plants grown in NFCs as compared to FCs. The individual pollutant concentrations were below threshold for plant injury, but the combined effect of all the three seems to act synergistically in causing greater adverse impact on dry weight and physiology of carrot plants. The study clearly indicates that air pollutants are high enough in the ambient air to cause significant unfavorable impact on carrot plants. The work further supports the usefulness of OTCs for assessing air pollution damage under field conditions in developing countries.     

秦山三期核电工程气象相关实验研究及其在选址评价中的应用

１９９５年９、１０月间在秦山三期核电厂址进行了气象相关实验，即在秦山一、二、三期进行低空风、温与地面风的同步观测，在三期厂址进行平衡球测扩散参数，风洞模拟实验测量建筑群对流场与扩散参数的影响．并探讨如何应用气象相关实验结果由已建厂址的气象数据来估算新建厂址年均扩散因子的方法与公式．     

简化连续提取法评价污染土壤中Zn、Cd的植物有效性

以0.01 mol·L^-1CaCl₂和0.005 mol·L^-1 DTPA作为提取剂,用简化的3步连续提取法对贵州省赫章县土法炼锌污染土壤中Zn、Cd的形态进行了分析.结果显示,污染土壤中Zn、Cd主要以残渣态的形式存在,CaCl₂提取态和DTPA提取态Zn、Cd平均仅占全量的0.63%、3.91%和10.94%、10.13%.土壤中不同形态Zn、Cd含量与玉米中Zn、Cd含量的相关分析结果显示,CaCl₂提取态金属与玉米中金属含量没有显著的相关关系,而DTPA提取态、残渣态以及总量Zn、Cd与玉米根、茎叶中Zn、Cd含量显著正相关.这些结果表明CaCl₂提取态Zn、Cd对土壤中该元素的植物有效态可能不具重要贡献,而DTPA提取态金属和金属总量在一定程度上能作为评价土壤中元素植物有效性的标准.     

中国污染场地修复的研究进展、问题与展望

随着城市化和产业转移进程的加快,我国城镇工业企业搬迁或遗留的污染场地数量与日俱增,亟须开展污染场地治理与修复工作,以保障人居环境安全、国民健康和社会稳定.综述了我国污染场地及其产生、状态和风险,污染场地管理、修复技术及工程实践进展,污染场地管理和修复的主要问题,场地污染防治与修复政策、技术和融资机制需求,旨在推进污染场...     

Relation of lead adsorption on birnessites with different average oxidation states of manganese and release of Mn^2＋/H^＋/K^＋

The characteristics of Pb2+ adsorption on the surface of birnessites with different average oxidation states (AOS) of Mn, synthesized under acidic and alkali conditions, were investigated. The results indicated that the amount of adsorbed Pb2+ increased with the increase of Mn AOS in birnessites. The amount of Pb2+ adsorbed positively correlated with the amount of released Mn2+, H+, and K+ (r = 0.9962 > 0.6614, n = 14, α = 0.01). The released Mn2+, H+, and K+ were derived mostly from the corresponding catio...     

太湖五里湖底泥污染特性研究

五里湖是太湖污染最严重的水域。为对其治理提供依据,在该湖区设置了4个采样点,对底泥的表层样、柱状样、间隙水样和上覆水体作了重金属和营养盐分布测试,并作了数据统计分析。结果表明：以地积累指数评价,五里湖底泥的重金属污染程度为轻度,总体可达到《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618-1995）三级标准,根据超出背景值的倍数分析,五里湖重金属含量顺序为Cu>Cd>Pb>Hg>As>Cr。重金属含量表层（0～5 cm）相对较低,第二层（5～10 cm）和第三层（10～20 cm）是主要的污染沉积层,这与底泥沉积特征是相对应的。表层底泥总氮、总磷和有机质含量较高并具有明显的相关性,相关系数介于0.757 6～0.862 2之间,显示了污染物质的同源性。表层底泥和间隙水中营养盐含量明显高于湖水,相对于湖水呈可释放状态,是湖体内源污染之一。     

采用固定化技术处理土壤中菲、芘污染物

采用动胶杆菌(Zoogloea sp.)固定化技术包埋来降解土壤中菲、芘污染物,在不同接种量、不同系列浓度下,对降解效果进行了测定.结果表明:5%的接种量最为合理,在168h时,固定化细菌对菲、芘的降解率达84.89%和76.94%;而在相同条件下土著菌降解仅达到27.85%和19.65%,因此动胶杆菌(Zoogloea sp.)具有更好的降解能力.另外,还用电镜观察研究了动胶杆菌在载体中的分布形态,表明了固定化细菌降解土壤中菲、芘具有较高的优势.     

土压平衡矩形顶管施工引起的地表沉降规律研究

为了分析与掌握矩形顶管施工引起的地表沉降变形规律，提出基于MIDAS-GTS有限元软件的分析方法，首先，通过工程实例验证MIDAS-GTS有限元软件在分析顶管施工引起地表沉降变形的有效性；其次，通过影响因素的敏感性分析确定不同影响因素作用下的地表沉降变形特性，这些影响因素主要包括开挖面支护压力、侧摩阻力、地层结构特性等；最后，通过地表沉降变形特性分析得出矩形顶管的适用范围。研究结果表明:基于MIDAS-GTS有限元软件的地表沉降规律分析方法和结果，可为矩形顶管施工过程提供相关参考和借鉴。     

高效石油烃降解菌的筛选及其对原油污染土壤的修复

从陕北原油污染土壤中筛选出7株高效石油烃降解菌,其中黄杆菌属CC-2、不动细菌属SC-5、假单胞菌属SC-6表现出较强的石油烃降解能力。通过单因素试验和正交试验考察总石油烃(TPH)降解效果的影响因素,得出各因素对TPH降解率影响程度的大小次序为:溶液p H降解温度降解菌接种量摇床转速,且在降解菌接种量为7%(φ)、溶液p H为7、降解温度为30℃、摇床转速为150 r/min的最适处理条件下,菌株SC-6的TPH降解率可达61.23%。原油污染土壤生物修复实验结果表明:高效石油烃降解菌的投加有利于土壤TPH降解率和酶活性的提高;"菌株SC-6+营养剂"组修复处理42 d后的TPH降解率可达57.59%。